Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide prevalent metabolic disorder that is associated with diabetes, among many other diseases. Bearing this in mind, prevention and treatment ways need to be improved. Notably, activity of the enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is found to be elevated in overweight subjects. Moreover, SSAO inhibition has resulted in an increase of histamine activity in adipose tissue and the limitation of body fat. The current review aims to overview the risks of obesity, rationalize the molecular ways of SSAO activity, and outline the strategies of inhibiting upregulated enzyme levels. It describes the differences between SSAO inhibitors and advances the prospective agents. Based on evidence, caffeine is proposed as an effective, safe, and reliable choice to inhibit SSAO activity. Furthermore, the histamine in adipocytes has been associated with SSAO activity. Therefore, it is suggested as one of the key compounds to be studied for obesity management. To conclude, inhibiting SSAO may attenuate weight gain and prevent related diseases.
Highlights
Obesity is an epidemic complex disorder characterized by excessive body fat which is diagnosed when the body mass index (BMI) is 30 or higher [1]
It is noteworthy that an enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), which is responsible for deamination of the primary amines such as methylamine and converts them into cytotoxic aldehydes, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide, is found to be associated with obesity and related diseases
SSAO activity was diversely diminished after 10 days of caffeine administration, e.g., in the adipose tissue it was diminished by 41.4%, which was the highest amount compared to the rest of the samples [13]
Summary
Obesity is an epidemic complex disorder characterized by excessive body fat which is diagnosed when the body mass index (BMI) is 30 or higher [1]. Nutrients 2020, 12, 184 caffeine to boost metabolism and increase energy expenditure [11,12] In this manuscript, we review another beneficial role of caffeine for overweight subjects, which is the potential to inhibit enzymatic activity of SSAO [13]. Histamine—a naturally occurring bioamine in body and food—merits attention since the activity of this compound is associated with SSAO metabolism and lipolysis in adipose tissue [14]. This manuscript focuses on SSAO inhibitors and, aids in anti-obesity drug development. It will be valuable for future researchers working on finding and developing treatments of health complications in the obese population
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