Abstract
It is well known that ultraviolet light activates mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body, enhancing activating protein 1(AP-1) complexes (c-Jun and c-Fos), increasing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and degrading collagen and elastin. In this study, we confirmed that polyphenolic rich Spatholobus suberectus (SS) stem extracts suppressed ultraviolet (UV)-induced photo-aging. The major active components of SS stem extracts were identified as gallic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, syringic acid and epicatechin. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem of SS (SSW and SSE, respectively) significantly reduced the elastase enzyme activity. Moreover, both extracts were suppressed the ROS generation and cellular damage induced by UVB in HaCaT cells. Our results also revealed that SSE could regulate the expression of MMPs, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), elastin (ELN) and hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) at their transcriptional and translational level. Furthermore, SSE was blocked the UVB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and c-Jun. Moreover, combination of syringic acid, epicatechin and vanillic acid showed strong synergistic effects on elastase inhibition activity, in which the combination index (CI) was 0.28. Overall, these results strongly suggest that the polyphenolics of SSE exert anti-ageing potential as a natural biomaterial to inhibit UVB-induced photo-aging.
Highlights
Skin aging is affected by many factors, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), oxidative stress, and inheritance
The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of SS stem (SSW and SSE, respectively) (Figure 1B,C) demonstrated several peaks, with the retention times to be harmonized in the following standard compounds: gallic acid (6.380 min), catechin (20.074 min), vanillic acid (23.601 min), syringic acid (25.352 min) and epicatechin (26.809 min) (Figure 1D)
Was able cytokine expression stifled the of expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), we examined whether to regulate the transcription factors of activating protein 1 (AP-1) which is responsible for SSE was able to regulate the transcription factors of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and AP-1 which is responsible for MMPs
Summary
Skin aging is affected by many factors, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), oxidative stress, and inheritance. Among them, photoaging accounts for about 80% of skin aging [1]. UVR is divided into three wavelengths, including UVA (320–400 nm), UVB (290–320 nm), and UVC (200–290 nm). While UVC is absorbed by the ozone layer, UVA and UVB can reach the surface of the earth [2]. While most biomolecules cannot absorb UVA, UVB is predominantly injurious to living organisms. UVB contributes to detrimental effects directly through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is associated with DNA damage and inflection of gene expression. UVB initiates a Nutrients 2019, 11, 1341; doi:10.3390/nu11061341 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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