Abstract
BackgroundAlthough dot-probe paradigms have been widely used in previous studies to investigate the attentional bias of perfectionists, the exact characteristics of this bias are still unclear.MethodsIn this study, eye-tracking technology was used to compare the attentional patterns of high perfectionists (HP) and low perfectionists (LP). The HP and LP groups (n = 39 vs 34) completed a visual attention task in which they observed perfect vs imperfect picture pairs, during which their eye movements (EMs) were recorded automatically using an EM tracking system.ResultsBoth the HP and LP groups showed an overall attentional bias toward imperfect pictures, as indicated by the criteria of initial visual attention orientation and attentional maintenance. There were no significant differences between the HP and LP groups during the early and middle phases of attention: both groups exhibited a longer total fixation duration on imperfect pictures than on perfect pictures. However, during the late phase of attention, the participants in the HP group diverted their attention away from the imperfect pictures and began to pay more attention to the perfect pictures. By contrast, the participants in the LP group consistently exhibited longer fixation times for imperfect pictures than the HP group during the entire duration of the stimulus.ConclusionThese findings indicate that the participants in the HP group tended to avoid imperfect stimuli during the late phase of attention; this may indicate that avoidance plays an important role in maintaining perfectionism. This study also shows that eye-tracking is a useful methodology for measuring the attentional biases of perfectionists.
Highlights
Perfectionism is marked by a tendency to hold oneself to impossibly high standards and to engage in a high level of self-criticism (Frost et al, 1990)
Maintenance of Visual Attention The main effect of picture type was significant for total dwell time [F(1,71) = 57.62, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.45, Table 2]: both the high perfectionists (HP) and the low perfectionists (LP) groups exhibited longer dwell time for imperfect pictures than for perfect pictures (M ± SD = 0.77 ± 0.13 and 0.60 ± 0.12, respectively)
The results showed that both the HP and the LP group had an overall attentional bias toward imperfect pictures based on their initial visual attention orientation and their attentional maintenance
Summary
Perfectionism is marked by a tendency to hold oneself to impossibly high standards and to engage in a high level of self-criticism (Frost et al, 1990). The model indicates that a number of cognitive biases underlie perfectionism. One such bias is an attentional bias that causes perfectionists to pay more attention to imperfect stimuli. Such attentional bias is characteristic of clinical perfectionism and involves an individual focusing on a mistake or error they have made even if it is comparatively unimportant (e.g., “One punctuation mistake in a document is evidence that I am not good enough at work”) (Egan et al, 2016). Dot-probe paradigms have been widely used in previous studies to investigate the attentional bias of perfectionists, the exact characteristics of this bias are still unclear
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