Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex condition that interferes with development and/or functioning. Our objective is to investigate the potential association between ADHD and inflammation. We conducted a systematic review of human studies measuring inflammatory markers in ADHD. The studies were identified by searching PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PSYCHINFO, COCHRANE, and SCOPUS databases for peer-reviewed journals published until September 2016. We included cytokine gene expression and protein measured. Fourteen papers met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies evaluated the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms in ADHD, and six studies measured cytokines levels in blood. One study analyzed the presence of cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with ADHD. Altogether, these studies indicate a possible role of inflammation in ADHD pathogenesis, despite the significant heterogeneity and contradictory results. Evidence points to the association of ADHD with inflammatory processes, but more studies are warranted.
Highlights
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
It is conceivable that alterations in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may be influential in the pathogenesis of ADHD and Inflammation: A Systematic Review
The current systematic review relied on data from 14 manuscripts and shows variable results regarding the association between inflammation and ADHD
Summary
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Strong genetic influence has been reported for ADHD, with 5–9 times increased risk in first-degree relatives of patients [4,5,6]. Several authors have proposed association between ADHD and inflammatory mechanisms due to positive findings regarding inflammation-related genes [7,8,9,10,11,12]. It is conceivable that alterations in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may be influential in the pathogenesis of ADHD and Inflammation: A Systematic Review. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex condition that interferes with development and/or functioning. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of human studies measuring inflammatory markers in ADHD.
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