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Abstract
Introduction: Research indicates that attachment to God is correlated with parental attachment and perceived stress. However, these relationships have not been studied outside the Western context. The present research evaluated the relationship between attachment to God and attachment to parents within different family systems and the impact of these attachments on perceived stress. Methods: A sample of 284 Christian undergraduate students in Pakistan was surveyed. The data were collected from the participants through convenience sampling. Relationships between attachment to parents, attachment to God, religiosity, and perceived stress were studied. Results: A significant positive relationship between attachment to parents and to God was found for the nuclear family system on the anxiety subscale. For the avoidance subscale, both nuclear and joint family systems had significant positive relationships between parental attachment and attachment to God; however, it was stronger for joint family systems. The multiple regression analysis showed parental avoidance (β = .256, p <.001) and God anxiety (β = .281, p <.001) as the strongest predictors of stress. Discussion: The findings highlight the impact of collectivistic cultural values, particularly the importance of relationships. The implications include the significance of the impact of culture on attachment relationships and the finding that attachment correlates with lower levels of perceived stress. The research also shows the difference in attachment styles depending upon the family system the participant belongs to which can again be attributed to cultural norms and values.
Highlights
Research indicates that attachment to God is correlated with parental attachment and perceived stress
The study evaluated the impact that attachment to parents, attachment to God, religiosity, and family system have on perceived stress
It was found that the relationship between anxious attachment to God and anxious attachment to parents was strongest for nuclear family systems and followed the correspondence hypothesis, but not for joint family systems
Summary
Hofstede described the dimension of collectivism and individualism as “the degree to which people in a society are integrated into a group.”[1]. Adoption of the nuclear family system and its alleged pertinence for economic growth has led to the disintegration of traditional extended/joint family systems in Asian countries.[3] This is evidenced by research that has shown rates of joint family system membership as low as 50%.5 This shift in family structure may signal a shift from the traditional focus on relational harmony and group membership to more individual goals and identity.[2] relationships or interpersonal attachments will no doubt continue to be important. A secure attachment to significant figures such as parents and God can help to buffer stress as this attachment relationship acts as a shield that helps in stressful situations.[15,16] It has been observed that factors such as attachment to God and religiosity are significant predictors of perceived stress, both with regard to attachment style and level of religiosity. After controlling for other demographic variables, attachment to parents, attachment to God, religiosity, and family system will predict levels of perceived stress
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