Abstract
Symptomatic osteochondral lesions occur frequently, but relatively few treatment options are currently available. The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into a new tissue engineering approach to osteochondral regeneration. The concept is a biphasic construct consisting of a porous, osteoconductive chitosan-calcium phosphate scaffold supporting a layer of neocartilage formed by marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Two experiments were conducted to assess the feasibility of this approach. The first experiment characterized the attachment efficiency and proliferation of primary human marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells seeded relatively sparely onto the scaffold’s surface. The second experiment compared two different methods of creating a biphasic construct using a much higher density of primary porcine marrow stromal cells. About 40% of the sparsely seeded human cells attached and proliferated rapidly. Constructs formed by one of the two experimental techniques exhibited a layer of cartilaginous tissue which only partially covered the scaffold’s surface due to inadequate adhesion between the cells and the scaffold. This study demonstrates some potential for the approach to yield an implantable biphasic construct, but further development is required to improve cell-scaffold adhesion.
Highlights
Articular cartilage is the dense connective tissue which covers the ends of bones
At 24 h SEM showed that the cells had a flattened and elongated or stellate morphology, and some cells spanned the gap between neighboring chitosan-CaP beads (Fig. 2)
Injuries to articular cartilage often progress to severe degenerative osteoarthritis, treatment for which is frequently total joint replacement
Summary
Articular cartilage is the dense connective tissue which covers the ends of bones. Healthy cartilage transmits and dampens joint loads and provides a smooth, almost frictionless bearing surface. Cartilage of the knee is frequently injured, often as a result of sports related trauma, but focal articular cartilage lesions do not heal spontaneously. Articular cartilage is aneural and avascular, and the chondrocytes adjacent to an injury do not proliferate or migrate into the defect [1]. The tissue has very limited capacity for intrinsic repair, and untreated focal cartilage lesions may progress to early osteoarthritis [2]. Such defects are associated with pain, swelling, and functional deficit [3, 4]
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