Atrial Natriuretic Factor Activates Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Phosphodiesterase in Xenopus Laevis Oocytes and Potentiates Progesterone-Induced Maturation via Cyclic Guanosine 5′-Monophosphate Accumulation

Abstract

Xenopus oocytes were found to express atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) receptors that activate guanylate cyclase and stimulate cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) production in a dose- and time-dependent manner. A truncated fragment of ANF, known to bind to mammalian ANF receptors without stimulating cGMP accumulation, did not elicit a cGMP response in oocytes. In addition, preincubation with ANF increased the number of oocytes that underwent progesterone-induced maturation. The maximally effective dose of ANF (1 microM) elevated intracellular and extracellular cGMP accumulation from 50 to 200 and 5 to 800 fmol/oocyte, respectively, and increased the number of maturing oocytes by up to 3-fold. ANF's effects on progesterone-induced maturation were mimicked by nonhydrolyzable analogues of cGMP. ANF and 8-Br-cGMP had no effect on maturation in the absence of progesterone, indicating that elevation of cGMP alone is not sufficient to induce maturation. Dibutyryl-cGMP was as effective as 8-Br-cGMP, whereas 8-Br-guanosine monophosphate, 8-Br-guanosine, and 8-Br-cyclic inosine monophosphate did not potentiate ovum maturation. In Xenopus oocytes, an initial step in progesterone-induced maturation is the reduction of intracellular cAMP levels; both ANF and 8-Br-cGMP lowered cAMP levels and enhanced progesterone's ability to do so. This decrease in cAMP levels was attributable to increased cAMP-phosphodiesterase activity, which was enhanced by both ANF and 8-Br-cGMP. These findings, and the presence of functional ANF receptors on Xenopus oocytes, demonstrate that ANF can participate in ovum development by stimulation of cGMP accumulation and activation of cAMP phosphodiesterase, thereby potentiating progesterone's ability to decrease cAMP levels and promote ovum maturation.