Atrial fibrillation in athletes : Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment

Abstract

The incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is increased by an average of approximately 2.5-fold in recreational and elite athletes, depending on the intensity of exercise. It is, however, difficult to determine the exact duration or intensity of exercise that increases the risk of AF. The pathophysiological mechanisms of AF in athletes are acombination of pulmonary vein ectopy as atrigger, myocardial changes such as fibrosis and remodeling processes, and modulators such as changes in the autonomic nervous system. However, gastroesophageal reflux also seems to play an important role. The classic AF diagnosis is performed by means of 12-lead or Holter ECG; arrhythmia recordings via chest belts and pulse watches are not sufficient for the differentiation of the arrhythmia. However, wearables with the capability of ECG recording can also be used for AF screening. The first AF documentation in an athlete should be followed by cessation of physical exercise and initiation of detailed cardiac diagnostics. Thereafter, evaluation of oral anticoagulation is important. Long-term antiarrhythmic therapies are usually not tolerated or desired by athletes. Thus, valuable therapeutic options are either a"pill in the pocket" therapy with antiarrhythmic drugs or catheter ablation.