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Abstract
background: The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters family is one of the largest families of membrane proteins existing in all living organisms. Pyrethroid resistance has become the largest unique obstacle for mosquito control worldwide. ABC transporters are thought to be associated with pyrethroid resistance in some agricultural pests, but little information is known for mosquitoes. Herein, we investigated the diversity, location, characteristics, phylogenetics, and evolution of ABC transporter family of genes in the Anopheles sinensis genome, and identified the ABC transporter genes associated with pyrethroid resistance through expression profiles using RNA-seq and qPCR. Results: 61 ABC transporter genes are identified and divided into eight subfamilies (ABCA-H), located on 22 different scaffolds. Phylogenetic and evolution analyses with ABC transporters of A. gambiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Homo sapiens suggest that the ABCD, ABCG, and ABCH subfamilies are monophyly, and that the ABCC and ABCG subfamilies have experienced a gene duplication event. Both RNA-seq and qPCR analyses show that the AsABCG28 gene is uniquely significantly upregulated gene in all three field pyrethroid-resistant populations (Anhui, Chongqing, and Yunnan provinces) in comparison with a laboratory-susceptible strain from Jiangsu province. The AsABCG28 is significantly upregulated at 12-h and 24-h after deltamethrin exposure in three-day-old female adults. Conclusion: This study provides the information frame for ABC transporter subfamily of genes, and lays an important basis for the better understanding and further research of ABC transporter function in insecticide toxification. The AsABCG28 gene is associated with pyrethroid detoxification, and it functions at later period in the detoxification process for xenobiotics transportation.
Highlights
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute one of the largest families of membrane proteins, and have been found in all living organisms from bacteria to human being
We identified and classified the ABC transporter genes at whole-genome level in A. sinensis, and characterized these ABC transporters, including motif pattern, genomic distribution, gene structure, and phylogenetic relationship
Sci. 2019, 20, 1409 by RNA-seq and RT-quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), analyzed the timescale transcriptional response of representative ABC transporter genes after pyrethroid treatment of pyrethroid-resistant laboratory strain, and identified and discussed the ABC transporter genes associated with pyrethroid resistance
Summary
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute one of the largest families of membrane proteins, and have been found in all living organisms from bacteria to human being. The majority of these proteins function as the ATP-dependent transport of various substrates (e.g., sugars, amino acids, lipids, peptides, vitamins, sterols, hormones, metal ions, xenobiotics, and chemotherapeutic drugs) across lipid membranes [1,2]. ABC transporters share highly conserved domains with all members containing the highly conserved cytosolic nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs, called ATP-binding cassettes), and most members containing less conserved transmembrane domains (TMDs) [3]. The ABC transporter genes have been identified in some insect species at genome-wide level, including Drosophila melanogaster (56 ABC transporter genes) [1], Bombyx mori (51) [7], Apis mellifera (41) [4,7], Anopheles gambiae (52) [7], and Tribolium castaneum (73) [8]
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