Abstract
Highly-charged ions at velocities close to the speed of light generate strong (I=1017−1020 W/cm2), ultra-short (t=10−19−10−17 s) electromagnetic pulses when passing target atoms or molecules. Single and multiple ionization occurs and can be interpreted in terms of photoionization: at small field strength, ionization is due to the absorption or the scattering of a single virtual photon, whereas the incoherent, “simultaneous” absorption of “many” field quanta gives rise to multiple ionization in strong fields. In this paper, analogies to photoionization are investigated by comparison of kinematically complete experimental data with results of various theoretical calculations for collisions of 100 MeV/u C6+, 1000 MeV/u U92+ and 3.6 MeV/u Au53+ on He, Ne and Ar targets. Dynamical multiple ionization mechanisms are identified as a function of the momentum transfer. Two-electron final states are found to depend sensitively on the correlated initial state, and the many-particle Coulomb continuum is investigated for triple ionization of neon in super-strong fields.
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