Abstract
The study of atoms and ions in unusual environments is an area of current interest. Examples of such environments are the Crab pulsar, where magnetic fields well in excess of 1012 G are encountered and plasmas, studied under intense laser irradiation, where “confined” atoms are subjected to electric fields corresponding to laser fluxes of 1018 W/m2. In this article, a unified theoretical approach is presented to treat atoms in such intense fields. The major theoretical tool employed is the Bloch or canonical density matrix. This is used first for treating magnetic fields, numerical examples of heavy atoms, and ions in intense fields being referred to specifically. Then the same theory is used for “confined” atoms in intense electric fields. Very brief reference is made to molecules in magnetic fiels, with the illustrative example of the simplest molecular ion H.
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