Atomistic insight on structure and dynamics of spinach acyl carrier protein with substrate length

Abstract

The plant acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturases are a family of soluble enzymes that convert saturated fatty acyl-ACPs into their cis-monounsaturated equivalents in an oxygen-dependent reaction. These enzymes play a key role in biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids in plants. ACPs are central proteins in fatty acid biosynthesis that deliver acyl chains to desaturases. They have been reported to show a varying degree of local dynamics and structural variability depending on the acyl chain size. It has been suggested that substrate-specific changes in ACP structure and dynamics have a crucial impact on the desaturase enzymatic activity. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the intrinsic solution structure and dynamics of ACP from spinach with four different acyl chains: capric (C10), myristic (C14), palmitic (C16), and stearic (C18) acids. We found that the fatty acids can adopt two distinct structural binding motifs, which feature different binding free energies and influence the ACP dynamics in a different manner. Docking simulations of ACP to castor Δ9-desaturase and ivy Δ4-desaturase suggest that ACP desaturase interactions could lead to a preferential selection between the motifs.