Atomically dispersed cobalt activator with nitrogen and sulfur co-coordination for high-efficiency Fenton-like catalysis: Insights into density-dependent activity and mechanisms

Abstract

Atomically dispersed metal activators (ADMAs) have demonstrated unique advantages in environmental remediation, but how to controllably regulate the active site density and electronic structure of ADMAs to further enhance activation efficiency remains challenging. Here, we introduce a sulfur-atom-doping approach that allows the fine-tuning of atomic Co site content and electronic structure, enabling exploration of density-dependent activation performance of ADMAs for peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based Fenton-like catalysis. Our investigation reveals a direct correlation between activation capacity and single-Co-site density. The optimal SNC@CoSA-0.05 activator with densely populated Co–N3S1 sites (10.1 wt%) displays exceptional efficacy in eliminating Rhodamine B, with specific activity of 31.0 min−1 g−1 L, outperforming most previously published activators. Moreover, SNC@CoSA-0.05 showed a remarkedly reduced metal leaching (47.4 μg L−1) than its nanocluster counterpart (194 μg L−1) at pH 3.2. Experimental and theoretical analyses unveiled that coordinated sulfur actively modulates the electronic structure of the central Co atom, enhancing the adsorption and activation of PMS, thereby improving decontamination efficiency. Mechanistic studies further elucidate the predominant electron-transfer regime involved in oxidizing micropollutants by SNC@CoSA-0.05/PMS, with Co(IV)=O, •OH, and SO4•− being the auxiliary oxidizing species. This study not only offers a method for concurrent adjustment of active site density and electronic structure in ADMAs but also sheds light on the activation mechanisms of atomic metal sites.