Abstract
The role of flow velocity on the formation and dissolution of oxides on SA106Gr.B carbon steel was investigated at both microscopic and atomic scales. In static water, a compact oxide layer with highly faceted magnetite particles was formed. Atomic-scale transmission electron microscopy images of such a layer revealed highly ordered and parallel lattice fringes, indicating that the oxide had very high crystallinity and minimal lattice defects. In contrast, turbulent water prompted the creation of a porous oxide layer consisting of amorphous magnetite particles. Here, numerous mismatched lattice fringes were observed, indicating a prevalence of point defects within the oxide structure. These differences in oxide properties are attributed to hydrodynamic shear stress induced by turbulent flow. These findings provide atomic-level insights into how carbon steel corrosion accelerates in fast-flowing water.
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