Abstract
A method for atomic-orbital orientation determination at each $k$ point has been developed. The three-dimensional Cu Fermi surface (FS) structure was measured and visualized by stacking a series of photoelectron intensity angular distribution (PIAD) at different photon energies. PIADs from the Cu(001) surface were obtained using a display-type analyzer and linearly polarized synchrotron radiation. The atomic orbitals composing the FS were determined to be mainly $4p$ orbitals with their axes pointing outward. Atomic orbital orientations at different $k$ coordinates on FS as well as the FS cross-section structures were revealed directly from experiment and were confirmed by ab initio calculation.
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