Atomic layer deposited ZnO films on stainless steel for biomedical applications

Marcin Basiaga,Witold Walke,Wojciech Kajzer,Agata Sambok-Kiełbowicz,Janusz Szewczenko,Wojciech Simka,Marek Szindler,Bogusław Ziębowicz,Vira Lubenets

doi:10.1007/s43452-020-00148-5

Abstract

The main goal of carried out tests were the impact of physicochemical properties of surface layers on the course of processes taking place on the surface of implants made of metallic biomaterials used in the bone system. As a precursor of ZnO, diethylzinc (DEZ) has been used, which reacted with water enabling the deposition of thin films. The chamber temperature was as follows—T = 200°–300 °C. The number of cycles was 500, 1000, and 1500. In the first stage, pitting corrosion test was carried out. Corrosion resistance has been tested under conditions simulating tissue environment. Moreover, the created layers were tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The conducted electrochemical tests showed the beneficial effect of the ZnO layer on the substrate made of 316 LVM steel, as evidenced by the obtained parameters describing the corrosion resistance. Furthermore, tests were performed on mechanical properties (scratch test), surface morphology (SEM and AFM method), and physical properties (wettability and thickness layers) for samples with different surface treatments. The investigations of the surface morphology of the applied ZnO layer using the ALD method showed a tendency to inherit the substrate independently of the used application parameters. On the other hand, the tests of adhesion to the substrate showed that the number of cycles of the application process has a fundamental impact on the adhesion of the applied layer to the substrate. Summarizing tests have clearly shown that the number of cycles and temperature in the case of the ZnO coating is significant and positively influences the increase of electrochemical, mechanical, and physical properties of layers.

Highlights

The infection of the operated area is the main reason for post-surgical complications in patients who were subject to surgical treatment
The increase in the values of breakdown potential and transpassivation determined for 316LVM coated with zinc oxide (ZnO) demonstrated a slight improvement in the corrosion resistance in comparison to the initial state of unprocessed samples
The surface layer comprising a ZnO coating on an AISI 316LVM steel substrate, formed with specific values of ALD process parameters and with the morphological, physical

Summary

Introduction

The infection of the operated area is the main reason for post-surgical complications in patients who were subject to surgical treatment. Infections are in third place as far as frequency of occurrences is concerned for patients hospitalized at surgical wards. Since osteosynthesis was introduced in the treatment of fractures, the number of infections complicating bone consolidation has increased. The frequency of infections that complicate open fractures is ca. The first phenomenon that occurs after the introduction of biomate‐ rial into the biological environment is the formation of a biofilm on its surface [6] Such a biofilm is an aggregation of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in the form of thin deposits formed on various surfaces in contact with, for example, body fluids. What brings about the creation of that biofilm is, among other things, the natural bacterial flora of the patient

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