Abstract
Manipulating atoms with freedom has been one of any scientist’s dreams for a long time. Atoms have been used as a measure of whether quantum mechanics is correct. As is well known, the frequency and wavelength of light emitted from a Cs atom or a Rb atom are adopted as standards of time and length. For these purposes, gaseous atoms are often used. However, such atoms move about actively with high speed in vacuum. The thermal motion at random formed a barrier against high-resolution laser spectroscopy. For example, some important signals are hidden away in Doppler-broadened spectra. Consequently, it was a critical issue to control the atomic motion.
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