Atmospheric Interactions with Spacecraft

Abstract

This chapter describes the origin and significance of gasdynamic forces and torques experienced by objects in low orbits about massive bodies with sensible atmospheres. Emphasizing low earth orbit (LEO), we review gasdynamic interactions with solid bodies in orbital trajectories. We review the detriments and potential benefits of gasdynamic forces and torques experienced by objects in orbit. We provide guidance and references to the state of the art for estimating gasdynamic forces and using information for predicting orbit lifetime and satellite attitude. We discuss the dichotomies between determining atmospheric drag and inferring the characteristics of the atmosphere from drag measurements. There are great gaps in understanding gasdynamic forces and torques. We highlight the major uncertainties and suggest directions for future research. Keywords: atmospheric composition; spacecraft flight regimes; space debris; atmospheric modeling; spacecraft control; spacecraft technologies; gasdynamics; nonconservative force modeling; aerochemistry; aerodynamic drag