Atmospheric Fate of Dichlorvos: Photolysis and OH-Initiated Oxidation Studies

Abstract

The OH-initiated oxidation of dichlorvos (a widely used insecticide) has been investigated under atmospheric conditions at the large outdoor European photoreactor (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. The rate constant of OH reaction with dichlorvos, k, was measured by using a conventional relative rate technique where 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) and cyclohexane were taken as references. With the use of the rate constants of 5.67 x 10(-11) and of 6.97 x 10(-12) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) for the reactions OH + TMB and OH + cyclohexane, respectively, the resulting value of the OH reaction rate constant with dichlorvos was derived to be k = (2.6 +/- 0.3) x 10(-11) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). The tropospheric lifetime of dichlorvos with respect to reaction with OH radical has been estimated to be around 11 h. The major carbon-containing products observed for the OH reaction with dichlorvos in air under sunlight condition were phosgene and carbon monoxide. The formation of a very stable toxic primary product such as phosgene associated with the relatively short lifetime of dichlorvos may make the use of this pesticide even more toxic for humans when released into the atmosphere.