Abstract
Abstract A formulation is proposed to analyze energetics of the global atmosphere. To see effects of wave–mean-flow interaction and Lagrangian mean meridional circulation from nonlinear and nongeostrophic senses, rate equations of potential and kinetic energies are derived from primitive equations expressed in terms of the pressure–isentrope hybrid–vertical coordinates. The present scheme does not directly exchange the zonal mean available potential energy with the eddy available potential energy but does exchange the zonal mean kinetic energy with the eddy available potential energy. The latter is contributed to by the vertical divergence of the form drag over isentropic surfaces, which is the major term of the Eliassen–Palm flux divergence. One application is made to two-dimensional (a longitude–altitude plane) channel fluid. This system has no energy conversion between the mean and eddy kinetic energies. In the process of wave–mean-flow interactions, the mean flow amplifies waves through the advection ...
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