Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading global health concern and responsible for more deaths worldwide than any other type of disorder. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in the arterial wall, which underpins several types of cardiovascular disease. It has emerged that a strong relationship exists between alterations in amino acid (AA) metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have reported positive correlations between levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) such as leucine, valine, and isoleucine in plasma and the occurrence of metabolic disturbances. Elevated serum levels of BCAAs indicate a high cardiometabolic risk. Thus, BCAAs may also impact atherosclerosis prevention and offer a novel therapeutic strategy for specific individuals at risk of coronary events. The metabolism of AAs, such as L-arginine, homoarginine, and L-tryptophan, is recognized as a critical regulator of vascular homeostasis. Dietary intake of homoarginine, taurine, and glycine can improve atherosclerosis by endothelium remodeling. Available data also suggest that the regulation of AA metabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and arginases 1 and 2 are mediated through various immunological signals and that immunosuppressive AA metabolizing enzymes are promising therapeutic targets against atherosclerosis. Further clinical studies and basic studies that make use of animal models are required. Here we review recent data examining links between AA metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis.
Highlights
With the identification of numerous new therapeutic agents and improved medical technology, the last decade has seen a notable advancement toward the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis
Alterations in the levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with disorders, including renal failure, atherosclerosis, and cancer [79]
We have summarized our current knowledge of essential, conditionally essential, and non-essential amino acids (AAs) in atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
Summary
With the identification of numerous new therapeutic agents and improved medical technology, the last decade has seen a notable advancement toward the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. BCAA chronic accumulation inhibits PDH activity, suppresses glucose metabolism, promotes ischemic cardiac injury [41] Increased different serum AAs concentrations, decreased BCAAs, promoted the oxidation of fatty acid, reduced LDL level and fat deposition [43] Improved endothelial function, reduction of atherosclerotic plaques [45] Improved NO-dependent vasodilator functioning, induced atheromatous lesion regression, and reversed endothelial dysfunction [47] Prevention of intimal thickening in coronary arteries, and increased macrophage accumulation in the intima layer [49] Protective effect in a post-myocardial infarction heart failure [51]
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