Asymptotic Modeling of Three-Dimensional Radar Backscattering from Oil Slicks on Sea Surfaces

Nicolas Pinel,Christophe Bourlier,Nicolas Longépé,Irina Sergievskaya,Guillaume Hajduch

doi:10.3390/rs14040981

Abstract

This paper presents new results of a simulation of radar backscatter from oil slick areas on a real three-dimensional sea surface, based on a physical hydrodynamic model of surface wave damping in the presence of oil films, the local equilibrium model (MLB). To solve this problem, the modelling was carried out by using the first-order small-slope approximation (SSA1) model. It presents the advantage of having a very good compromise between rapidity and accuracy of the calculation. The choice of the model is justified by solving the two-dimensional problem with several asymptotic methods and further comparing the results with a rigorous numerical method, based on the Method of Moments (MoM). Two approaches called “thin-layer” (TL) and “classical” were used to deal with the double layer (air/oil/sea) problem. The TL approach assumes that this double-layer problem can be seen locally as a Fabry–Pérot interferometer, which implies that the Kirchhoff-tangent plane approximation (KA) is valid. The classical approach consists in neglecting the presence of the oil layer for dealing with electromagnetic backscattering, which is valid for very thin oil films compared to the electromagnetic (EM) wavelength. It is shown that these two approaches have rather complementary validity domains: The TL approach is always valid for small observation angles, which makes it suitable for near nadir sensors such as altimeters, whereas the classical approach is valid for moderate observation angles, which makes it suitable for most satellite applications. The 3D modelling results are compared with C-band and X-band measured data (CSK experiment and OOW NOFO experiment) in VV polarization. The calculation takes into account that the oil film on the sea surface is mainly in an emulsion state. The results highlighted the relevance of the MLB hydrodynamic model, as well as the SSA1 EM model combined wit the classical approach, for quantifying NRCS in seas contaminated with marine oil or surfactants. The agreement is indeed very good in the X-band range.

Highlights

Oil spill pollution detection has been the topic of investigation of a significant number of research papers, in particular by analyzing SAR data [1,2,3,4,5,6]
SSA1, for which the contaminated sea is modeled by using the classical approach, with satellite measurement results provided by CLS
It is taken in the Mediterranean Sea, in the Gulf of Lion, south of Marseille, France

Summary

Introduction

Oil spill pollution detection has been the topic of investigation of a significant number of research papers, in particular by analyzing SAR data [1,2,3,4,5,6] Fewer recent works such as [7,8,9,10,11,12] deals with quantitative electromagnetic (EM) modeling of sea oil spills. Most of this work focuses on homogeneous insoluble oil films on sea surfaces Still, this restriction holds only for low-to-moderate winds, u10 < 8–10 m/s, and for relatively young spills [3,13]. It is of interest at least to study the influence of oil emulsification on the electromagnetic scattering, as we often lack of information on the characteristics of an observed oil slick at sea

Methods

Results

Conclusion