Asymptotic interpretation of the Miles mechanism of wind-wave instability

Abstract

When wind blows over water, ripples are generated on the water surface. These ripples can be regarded as perturbations of the wind field, which is modelled as a parallel inviscid flow. For a given wavenumber $k$ , the perturbed streamfunction of the wind field and the complex phase speed are the eigenfunction and the eigenvalue of the so-called Rayleigh equation in a semi-infinite domain. Because of the small air–water density ratio, $\rho _{{a}}/\rho _{{w}}\equiv \epsilon \ll 1$ , the wind and the ripples are weakly coupled, and the eigenvalue problem can be solved perturbatively. At the leading order, the eigenvalue is equal to the phase speed $c_0$ of surface waves. At order $\epsilon$ , the eigenvalue has a finite imaginary part, which implies growth. Miles (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 3, 1957, pp. 185–204) showed that the growth rate is proportional to the square modulus of the leading-order eigenfunction evaluated at the so-called critical level $z=z_c$ , where the wind speed is equal to $c_0$ and the waves extract energy from the wind. Here, we construct uniform asymptotic approximations of the leading-order eigenfunction for long waves, which we use to calculate the growth rate as a function of $k$ . In the strong wind limit, we find that the fastest growing wave is such that the aerodynamic pressure is in phase with the wave slope. The results are confirmed numerically.