Abstract
Mathematical analysis of the well known model of a piezoelectric energy harvester is presented. The harvester is designed as a cantilever Timoshenko beam with piezoelectric layers attached to its top and bottom faces. Thin, perfectly conductive electrodes are covering the top and bottom faces of the piezoelectric layers. These electrodes are connected to a resistive load. The model is governed by a system of three partial differential equations. The first two of them are the equations of the Timoshenko beam model and the third one represents Kirchhoff’s law for the electric circuit. All equations are coupled due to the piezoelectric effect. We represent the system as a single operator evolution equation in the Hilbert state space of the system. The dynamics generator of this evolution equation is a non-selfadjoint matrix differential operator with compact resolvent. The paper has two main results. Both results are explicit asymptotic formulas for eigenvalues of this operator, i.e., the modal analysis for the electrically loaded system is performed. The first set of the asymptotic formulas has remainder terms of the order O ( 1 n ) , where n is the number of an eigenvalue. These formulas are derived for the model with variable physical parameters. The second set of the asymptotic formulas has remainder terms of the order O ( 1 n 2 ) , and is derived for a less general model with constant parameters. This second set of formulas contains extra term depending on the electromechanical parameters of the model. It is shown that the spectrum asymptotically splits into two disjoint subsets, which we call the α -branch eigenvalues and the θ -branch eigenvalues. These eigenvalues being multiplied by “i” produce the set of the vibrational modes of the system. The α -branch vibrational modes are asymptotically located on certain vertical line in the left half of the complex plane and the θ -branch is asymptotically close to the imaginary axis. By having such spectral and asymptotic results, one can derive the asymptotic representation for the mode shapes and for voltage output. Asymptotics of vibrational modes and mode shapes is instrumental in the analysis of control problems for the harvester.
Highlights
Energy harvesting, an extremely popular topic in contemporary engineering literature and practice, is understood as the process and result of converting the energy available in the environment into electrical energy, which can be consumed or stored for later use
If the harvester model is based on the cantilever beam as a substructure, the leading asymptotical terms are not affected by the piezoelectric parameters
For the Timoshenko beam, this conclusion follows from Equations (159) and (160)
Summary
An extremely popular topic in contemporary engineering literature and practice, is understood as the process and result of converting the energy available in the environment into electrical energy, which can be consumed or stored for later use. Erturk et al [11] presented a frequency domain analysis and experimental validations for a twodegree-of-freedom typical section as a wing-based piezoaeroelastic energy harvester They focused on the problem of harvesting energy at the flutter boundary and analyze the effects of the piezoelectric coupling on the linear flutter speed. In their mathematical modeling, they introduced a piezoelectric coupling to the plunge degree of freedom and considered a load resistance in the electrical field. Presents approximate analytical distributed-parameter electromechanical modeling of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters based on the Euler–Bernoulli, Rayleigh, and Timoshenko beam theories. In author’s opinion, analytical formulas are important since they can provide insights not available from purely numerical results
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