Asymmetry-index and orthodontic facial analysis of children with foetal alcohol syndrome using 3D-facial scans.

Abstract

The foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a complex and heterogenic disorder, caused by gestational exposure to alcohol. Patients with foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS-most severe form) show abnormal facial features. Our study aims at finding additional reliable and objective parameters for FAS diagnosis. Facial three-dimensional scans of 30 children with FAS and 30 controls were analysed. Orthodontic profile analysis (concerning position of upper and lower jaw) was performed. Vertical facial proportions were taken and facial asymmetry index (right to left side) was calculated. Profile type was significantly different for children with FAS (p = 0.001) with lower jaws more frequently in a retral position. Profile angle was significantly larger in the group with FAS (p = 0.009). Children with FAS had shorter middle thirds and longer lower thirds of the face (p < 0.001). Stomion (point between upper and lower lip) was located significantly more caudally in the FAS group (p < 0.001). Facial asymmetry index was not significantly different. Children with FAS differ significantly from controls in vertical and sagittal facial measurements. Profile analysis and measurement of vertical proportions are easy to apply standard procedures in everyday orthodontic practice and could be time-saving and objective means for additional verification of FAS.