Astrophysical and microcosm’s applications of 2h$$\nu$$ photon gravitational mass

Abstract

Energy conservation law for a source of gravity in the model consisting of the sphere with uniformly distributed electrons and positrons provides twice gravitational photon mass in comparison with equivalent energy material particle and leads to existence of the particles with negative gravitational mass and zero kinematics momentum if we consider the results of the annihilation reaction. Respectively, pair production will be followed by the release of the other particles opposite to them in a “gravitational charge.” This paper considered the possibility of detecting such particles and their possible influences at distant astronomical objects. Gravastar with the electron mass and bubble structure type is studied under the gravitational mass defect as a result of the presence of negative binding energy assumption. Rotation of energy–momentum–mass vector in the (1+4)D extended space model describes the transformation of the gravity field energy density.