Abstract
In this article I review the main theoretical problems that are posed by the highest energy end of the observed cosmic ray spectrum, stressing the importance of establishing their composition in order to decide between proposed scenarios. I then discuss the possibilities that are opened by the detection of inclined showers with extensive air shower arrays. Recent progress in modelling magnetic deviations for these showers has allowed the analysis of inclined showers that were detected by the Haverah Park experiment. This analysis disfavours models that predict a large proportion of photons in the highest energy cosmic rays and open up new possibilities for future shower array detectors particularly those, like the Pierre Auger Observatory, using water Čerenkov detectors.
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