Abstract
The carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 level (normal reference range 0 - 37 kU/l) has been used as a tumour marker for malignancies of the hepatobiliary tract and pancreas, and is also known to be elevated in several benign biliary conditions. Moderately high values are seen in benign disease, but levels in the thousands are considered to indicate a malignant lesion. A value of 5 000 - 16 000 kU/l) is considered to be very high or extremely high.
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