Astragaloside-IV Protects Against Heat-induced Apoptosis by Inhibiting Excessive Activation of Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter

Abstract

Background: Heat causes airway damage during inhalation injury because of bronchial epithelial cell damage. Accumulating evidence shows that mitochondrial uniporter (MCU) is involved in cell damage. We investigated the MCU activity after heat treatment and assessed whether Astragaloside-IV (AS-IV) suppresses heat-induced apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells by inhibiting the activation of the mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter (MCU), mitochondrial depolarisation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Methods: The bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE14o- was heat treated, and cell apoptosis was induced in vitro and in vivo. AS-IV was inorganically administered to Wistar rats twice a day after thermal inhalation injury, and 16HBE140- cells were treated with AS-IV after incubation at 47°C for 5 min. Protein expression was determined using Western blotting and commercial kits, apoptosis with TUNEL staining, mitochondrial channel activity by patch clamp, reactive oxygen species by MitoSOX^TM fluorescence, ATP levels and enzyme activities by commercial kits as well as mitochondrial respiration and calcium by fluorescence. Results: AS-IV markedly inhibited heat-induced apoptosis, as indicated by the increased expression of the pro-apoptotic genes Bak, Bik and Bmf and increased expression of the apoptosis markers Bax, cleaved parp, cleaved caspase3 and cytochrome C. We found that MCU activation promoted mitochondrial Ca²⁺ overload, ATP depletion, mitochondrial ROS production and cytochrome c release and rapidly induced apoptosis. However, AS-IV treatment reduced excessive MCU activation and led to resistance against mitochondrial Ca²⁺ overload and excessive cytochrome C release; these effects were blocked by the MCU activator spermine. AS-IV treatment elevated ATP production and decreased ROS activity. Conclusions: MCU plays crucial roles in heat-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in 16HBE140- cells, suggesting a potential target for AS-IV treatment.