Asthma und Rhinitis beim Kind

Abstract

Bronchial asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood with a cumulative prevalence of 7-15% in Switzerland. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings due to a lack of objective criteria especially in infants and toddlers. The common base of all asthmatics is an inflammation of the intrathoracic respiratory mucosa. In school-age children allergic mechanisms are documented in up to 80%. Asthma therapy consists of symptom relief by bronchodilators and of antiinflammatory topical steroids. Rhinitis in early childhood is mainly caused by viral infections whereas in school-age children allergic inflammation becomes the main cause. During inflammatory processes of the nose the mucosa of the sinus is affected too causing rhinosinusitis. In infants therapy is normally restricted to symptom relief. The treatment of choice in allergic rhinitis are topical steroids. Antibiotics are rarely indicated. Infants with obstructed nose are prone to severe complications because of exclusive nasal breathing in this age period. The upper and lower airways are functionally linked by different mechanisms (united air ways). Patients with rhinitis often suffer from variable bronchial airflow obstruction and (sub)clinical asthma causing the so-called rhinobronchial syndrome.