Associations that Hikikomori had with thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness in the United States and Japan

Abstract

Hikikomori refers to a state of pathological social withdrawal combined with avoidance of major social interactions or responsibilities. The present study examined the associations that aspects of hikikomori had with thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness as well as whether culture moderated these associations in participants from the United States (n = 276) and Japan (n = 250). Results showed that avoidance of socialization and lack of emotional support were positively associated with both thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Furthermore, the association between avoidance of socialization and perceived burdensomeness was stronger for Japanese participants than for those from the United States. These findings suggest that psychological mechanisms contributing to suicidal thoughts during limited physical contact and isolation may be linked to psychological and social withdrawal.