Abstract
BackgroundPrevious studies have reported an association between dietary sodium intake and overweight/central obesity. However, dietary survey methods were prone to underestimate sodium intake. Therefore, this study investigated the associations of calculated 24-h urinary sodium excretion, an index of dietary sodium intake, with various obesity parameters including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in a population with a relatively high sodium intake.MethodsA total of 16,250 adults (aged ≥19 years) and 1476 adolescents (aged 10-18 years), with available information on spot urine sodium levels and anthropometric measurements from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were included in this study. We calculated 24-h urine sodium excretion levels from spot urine sodium levels using the Tanaka formula.ResultsIn adults, those with high sodium excretion levels (≥ 3200 mg) showed increased odds of overweight and central obesity compared to those with low urinary sodium excretion level (< 2200 mg) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.90-2.49 for overweight; OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 2.13-2.94 for central obesity). These associations were also observed in adolescents (OR = 5.80, 95% CI = 3.17-10.60 for overweight; OR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.78-9.89 for central obesity).ConclusionsThe present study suggests that reducing salt intake might be important for preventing overweight and central obesity, especially in adolescents. However, because the present study was conducted with cross-sectional study design, further longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm the causal relationship between urinary sodium excretion and overweight/central obesity.
Highlights
Previous studies have reported an association between dietary sodium intake and overweight/central obesity
We evaluated whether urinary sodium excretion level is associated with certain types of obesity, such as only overweight without central obesity, only central obesity without overweight, or overweight combined with central obesity, relative to normal body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)
We found increased odds of overweight and central obesity in the participants with high urinary sodium excretion (≥ 3200 mg) compared to participants in low urinary sodium excretion (< 2200 mg) (OR = 2.17, 95% Confidence intervals (CI) = 1.90-2.49 in adults; Odds ratios (OR) = 5.80, 95% CI = 3.17-10.60 in adolescents for overweight; OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 2.13-2.94 in adults; OR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.78-9.89 in adolescents for central obesity)
Summary
Previous studies have reported an association between dietary sodium intake and overweight/central obesity. Overweight, which is commonly defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 on World Health Organization [WHO] guideline [1], is a critical concern to global public health [2] It has been associated with numerous chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, In Korea, about 30% of the adult population are overweight (including obese) and about 4% are obese [6]. Contributing to this rise in obesity, the increase in Westernized diet containing fattening and high-sodium westernized foods (hot dogs, fries, and cheese sandwiches) in (2018) 4:47 addition to traditional Korean salty, pickled foods (Kimchi and salted seafood) have been noted as one of the main risk factors. Given the high intake of sodium and rising rates of obesity among Koreans, it is critical to investigate the association between dietary sodium intake and obesity
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