Associations of the ages at menarche and menopause with blood pressure and hypertension among middle-aged and older Chinese women: a cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

Abstract

We evaluated the associations of the ages at menarche and menopause with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension using the baseline data of 7893 women from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative survey among Chinese adults aged ≥45 years. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations of the ages at menarche and men`opause with BP and hypertension, respectively. Nonlinear associations were evaluated using spline analyses. After controlling for age, education, marital status, living areas, smoking, drinking, and medication use if necessary, an early onset of menarche by 1 year was associated with a 6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3-9%) higher odds of hypertension and 0.82 mm Hg (P < 0.001) and 0.41 mm Hg (P < 0.001) higher systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. When further controlling for the body mass index (BMI), blood glucose, and lipids, the associations were still significant. Spline analyses did not support U-shaped relationships between menarche age and hypertension risk (P = 0.35), systolic BP (P = 0.60), or diastolic BP (P = 0.70). When stratified by location of residence, menarche age was only associated with BP and hypertension among women living in rural areas. The age of menopause was positively associated with hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02 per year delay of menopause, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03). However, when further controlling for BMI, such an association no longer existed (OR = 1.01, P = 0.32). These findings indicated that the associations of menarche age with BP and hypertension may be modified by factors related to the area of residence in China, and the association between menopause age and hypertension was driven by BMI.