Abstract
The effects of serum retinol and α-tocopherol on serum uric acid levels have not been established, especially in Asian people. This study evaluated the independent associations of retinol and α-tocopherol with serum uric acid levels in the Korean population. We included 6023 participants aged ≥ 19 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Serum retinol and α-tocopherol levels were divided into quintiles, and a multivariate linear regression model was used to evaluate the association of serum retinol and α-tocopherol levels with uric acid concentration. Additionally, we used multivariate logistic regression to examine the relationships between the levels of these micronutrients and hyperuricemia. Serum retinol levels were positively associated with uric acid concentrations in a dose-dependent fashion in both sexes (ptrend < 0.001); the difference in serum uric acid levels between the highest and lowest quintiles of retinol levels was 0.57 mg/dL in men and 0.54 mg/dL in women. In the multivariable logistic model, the hyperuricemia risk increased linearly with the increase in serum retinol level, regardless of sex (ptrend < 0.001). Although the serum α-tocopherol level appeared to be significantly associated with increased uric acid levels, this association was nullified after adjusting for serum retinol levels. Serum retinol levels were positively associated with serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia in a dose-response fashion. Maintaining serum retinol concentrations under sub-toxic levels might be necessary to prevent hyperuricemia-related adverse health outcomes.
Highlights
Hyperuricemia is a main risk factor for gout [1] but is an independent determinant of type 2 diabetes [2], hypertension [3], metabolic syndrome [4], and chronic kidney disease [5].Elevated serum uric acid is reported to be associated with an increased risk of non-dipping blood pressure [6], myocardial infarction [7], and cardiovascular mortality [7]
Model was adjusted for area of residence, education level, systolic and diastolic blood of serum retinol and α-tocopherol levels were inserted in the analysis models as continuous variables pressure, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and physical activity; Model was and to estimate the dose-dependent relationship between serum micronutrient and uric acid levels, with mutually adjusted and α-tocopherol levels
While men with hyperuricemia were younger, the mean age of women with retinol and α-tocopherol levels were higher in hyperuricemia participants than in non-hyperuricemia hyperuricemia was higher than that of women without hyperuricemia
Summary
Hyperuricemia is a main risk factor for gout [1] but is an independent determinant of type 2 diabetes [2], hypertension [3], metabolic syndrome [4], and chronic kidney disease [5]. Elevated serum uric acid is reported to be associated with an increased risk of non-dipping blood pressure [6], myocardial infarction [7], and cardiovascular mortality [7]. Serum uric acid levels may Nutrients 2020, 12, 1797; doi:10.3390/nu12061797 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients. The prevalence of hyperuricemia is increasing worldwide. 21% of the US population had hyperuricemia in the 2007–2008 National. NHANES [12]; a 4.3% increase in prevalence was observed in Italy within 4 years (2005–2009) [13]. In Korea, the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 11.4%, hyperuricemia was especially prevalent in young adults [14]
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