Abstract
BackgroundPrevious evidence regarding the associations between serum calcium concentrations, dietary calcium intake, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is limited. We investigated the longitudinal associations of serum calcium levels and dietary calcium intake with T2D development.MethodsThis study used data from the Ansung–Ansan cohort, a community-based, prospective cohort that was followed up for 10 years. Cox regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to evaluate the associations of serum calcium levels (mean, 9.41 mg/dL) and dietary calcium intake (median, 389.59 mg/day) with T2D incidence. Association between dietary calcium intake and serum calcium levels was assessed using linear regression models.ResultsAlbumin-adjusted serum calcium levels were not associated with T2D risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96, 1.19, p-value = 0.2333). A one-unit increase in log-transformed, energy-adjusted dietary calcium intake was associated with a decreased risk of T2D (HR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.77, 1.00, p-value = 0.0460) and lower albumin-adjusted serum calcium levels (β = − 0.04, 95% CI − 0.07, − 0.02, p-value = 0.0014). The associations did not differ according to sex (all p-values for interaction > 0.10).ConclusionsSerum calcium levels were not associated with T2D risk, while higher dietary calcium intake was associated with a decreased risk of T2D development. These results have public health implications for predicting and preventing T2D development, as well as providing guidelines for diet and calcium supplementation.
Highlights
Previous evidence regarding the associations between serum calcium concentrations, dietary calcium intake, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is limited
In the present study, we evaluated the longitudinal associations of serum calcium levels and dietary calcium intake with incidence of T2D in a communitybased, prospective cohort, followed up for 10 years
The associations between dietary calcium intake and T2D did not change appreciably between models not adjusted for serum calcium levels and models adjusted for serum calcium levels (HR = 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77, 1.00)
Summary
Previous evidence regarding the associations between serum calcium concentrations, dietary calcium intake, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is limited. We investigated the longitudinal associations of serum calcium levels and dietary calcium intake with T2D development. Limited number of studies have reported that higher serum calcium levels are associated with an increased risk of T2D development [2,3,4,5]. Because the previous evidences on the associations between serum calcium concentrations, dietary calcium intake, and T2D development are inconsistent and limited, further investigation into these complex relationships are needed for predicting and preventing T2D development and providing scientific guidelines for diet and/or calcium supplementation in the general population. In the present study, we evaluated the longitudinal associations of serum calcium levels and dietary calcium intake with incidence of T2D in a communitybased, prospective cohort, followed up for 10 years. We assessed the association between dietary calcium intake and serum calcium levels at the baseline survey
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