Associations of plasma leptin to clinical manifestations in female patients with panic disorder

Abstract

Liberalism at once refers to a Western philosophy, a political doctrine, and a political tradition. It comprises universalizing theories of human nature, governance, and economy, with appeals to ideals such as equality, freedom of expression, tolerance, universality, human rights, self-government, liberal democracy, citizenship, public and private spheres, a free press, competition, private property, private enterprise, free trade, open markets, and the rule of law. These ideals, however, are rarely realized in practice. This chapter addresses these themes by attending to three key aspects of liberalism—the individual, governance, and the economy—and their importance to geographical research. Particular attention is directed toward the recent critiques that have been pervasive in geography, introduced through critical theories such as poststructuralism, Marxism, feminism, postcolonialism, critical race theory, and queer theory that expose the structural paradoxes of liberalism and its foundational inequities. Anglo-Western forms of liberalism will be foregrounded, but with some attention to the international and internationalizing aspirations of liberal thought, particularly with respect to colonialism and the war on terror.