Abstract
We investigated effects of exercise habits (EHs) in adolescence and old age on osteoporosis prevalence and hip joint and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD). Body composition and BMD in 1596 people aged 65–84 years living in Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We divided participants into four groups by a combination of EHs in adolescence and old age: none in either period (None-None), only in adolescence (Active-None), only in old age (None-Active), and in both periods (Active-Active). Logistic regression models were employed to estimate multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for osteoporosis determined by T-score (less than −2.5 SD) using the None-None reference group. In men, the combination of EHs in adolescence and old age was not associated with osteoporosis prevalence. However, the lumbar spine’s BMD was significantly higher in the Active-Active than the None-Active group (p = 0.043). In women, the Active-Active group had lower lumbar spine osteoporosis prevalence than the None-None group (OR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.42–1.00, p = 0.049). Furthermore, hip BMD was significantly higher in the Active-Active group than in the other three groups (p = 0.001). Older women with EHs in adolescence and old age had higher lumbar BMD and lower risk of osteoporosis.
Highlights
Long-term care in older adults, defined as persons aged 65 years or above, has become a problem in developed countries
The characteristics of the four groups described by exercise habits in adolescence and old age of men and women are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that the T-score of bone mineral density (BMD) in the hip joint was comparable among the groups (Figure 2, p = 0.091)
Summary
Long-term care in older adults, defined as persons aged 65 years or above, has become a problem in developed countries. Owing to the aging population, the number of Japanese individuals requiring long-term care has increased from 2.18 million to 6.06 million in 2000 and 2015, respectively [2,3]. Among the major factors are falls and fractures in Japanese women, which are strongly associated with walking disabilities, institutionalizations, and deaths [4]. A previous study showed that older women have a higher fall rate than their male counterparts [5]; about half of women and one-third of men experience a fragility fracture during their lifetime [6]. An important risk factor for fracture is osteoporosis, a disease in which bone strength is reduced owing to loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone quality [7]. Preventing osteoporosis could be an important strategy to reduce the number of people who need long-term care, especially among women
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