Abstract
PurposeTo investigate the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, adiposity, and arterial stiffness with cognition in 16‐ to 19‐year‐old adolescents.MethodsFifty four adolescents (35 girls; 19 boys) participated in the study. Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and peak power output (Wmax) were measured by the maximal ramp test on a cycle ergometer and ventilatory threshold (VT) was determined with ventilation equivalents. Lean mass (LM) and body fat percentage (BF%) were measured using a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao) and augmentation index (AIx%) were measured by a non‐invasive oscillometric device. Working memory, short term memory, visual learning and memory, paired‐associate learning, attention, reaction time, and executive function were assessed by CogState tests.ResultsV̇O2peak/LM (β = 0.36 p = .011) and Wmax/LM (β = 0.30 p = .020) were positively associated with working memory. Wmax/LM was also positively associated with visual learning (β = 0.37, p = .009). V̇O2 at VT/LM was positively associated with working memory (β = 0.30 p = .016), visual learning (β = 0.31 p = .026), and associated learning (β = −0.27 p = .040). V̇O2 at VT as % of V̇O2peak, BF%, PWVao, and AIx% were not associated with cognition.ConclusionCardiorespiratory fitness was related to better cognitive function, while BF% and arterial stiffness were not associated with cognition in adolescents.
Highlights
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased (Broyles et al, 2010; Kautiainen, Rimpelä, Vikat, & Virtanen, 2002), while cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has declined among adolescents during the past decades (Tomkinson, Lang, & Tremblay, 2019)
Only a few studies have investigated the associations of the measures of CRF, such as VO2peak or peak power output (Wmax) scaled by lean mass (LM) with cognition and have reported statistically insignificant relationships between CRF scaled by LM and cognition in youth (Haapala et al, 2015; Haapala, Lintu, et al, 2019; Raine et al, 2017, 2018)
We investigated the relationships of VO2peak and ventilatory threshold (VT) scaled by LM, BF%, and arterial stiffness with cognitive function in 16- to 19-year-old adolescents
Summary
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased (Broyles et al, 2010; Kautiainen, Rimpelä, Vikat, & Virtanen, 2002), while cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has declined among adolescents during the past decades (Tomkinson, Lang, & Tremblay, 2019). VT, reflecting the ability to sustain submaximal exercise for prolonged periods (Basset & Howley, 2000) could be an ecologically more valid measure of CRF than VO2peak because habitual physical activity in youth is often light to moderate intensity and rarely intensive enough to improve or require high VO2peak (Armstrong, Tomkinson, & Ekelund, 2011). Because of these physiological differences, the associations of VO2peak and VT with cognition and the mechanisms explaining those associations may differ. We investigated the relationships of VO2peak and VT scaled by LM, BF%, and arterial stiffness with cognitive function in 16- to 19-year-old adolescents
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