Associations of awake and asleep blood pressure and blood pressure dipping with abnormalities of cardiac structure: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study.

Abstract

To evaluate the associations of high awake blood pressure (BP), high asleep BP, and nondipping BP, determined by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and geometry. Black and white participants (n = 687) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study underwent 24-h ABPM and echocardiography at the Year 30 Exam in 2015-2016. The prevalence and prevalence ratios of LVH were calculated for high awake SBP (≥130 mmHg), high asleep SBP (≥110 mmHg), the cross-classification of high awake and asleep SBP, and nondipping SBP (percentage decline in awake-to-asleep SBP < 10%). Odds ratios for abnormal left ventricular geometry associated with these phenotypes were calculated. Overall, 46.0 and 49.1% of study participants had high awake and asleep SBP, respectively, and 31.1% had nondipping SBP. After adjustment for demographics and clinical characteristics, high awake SBP was associated with a prevalence ratio for LVH of 2.79 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.63-4.79]. High asleep SBP was also associated with a prevalence ratio for LVH of 2.19 (95% CI 1.25-3.83). There was no evidence of an association between nondipping SBP and LVH (prevalence ratio 0.70, 95% CI 0.44-1.12). High awake SBP with or without high asleep SBP was associated with a higher odds ratio of concentric remodeling and hypertrophy. Awake and asleep SBP, but not the decline in awake-to-asleep SBP, were associated with increased prevalence of cardiac end-organ damage.