Associations Between Sleep Disorders and Treatment Response in Service Members With Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms: A Secondary Outcome Analysis

Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction Compared with the civilian population, a higher rate of reported sleep apnea exists among military service members resulting in inadequate sleep. Those who experience chronic sleep deprivation may suffer from debilitating problems that may compromise military mission readiness and unit safety. The purpose of the study on which this secondary outcome analysis was based was to evaluate the effect of manual standardized stress acupuncture as an adjunct therapy to an abbreviated form of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia for sleep disturbances in post-deployment service members. The aim of this secondary outcome analysis was 2-fold: (1) to assess the relationship between sleep disorder symptoms and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PSS) and (2) to determine if the presence of sleep disorder symptoms influenced the effects of acupuncture and cognitive behavioral therapy as compared to cognitive behavior therapy only on PSS) in post-deployment military service members. Materials and Methods The study was a 2-arm, single-center, randomized controlled trial approved by the Naval Medical Center San Diego and the Vanderbilt University Institutional Review Board. It was conducted at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Okinawa, Japan. Participants were active duty service members from all military branches who were stationed in Okinawa. Two measures were used to analyze the data: the Global Sleep Assessment Questionnaire (GSAQ) and the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. A Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the relationship between sleep disorder symptoms (i.e., 11 pre-intervention GSAQ symptoms) and PSS treatment outcomes (i.e., PCL and PTSD clusters). Results Results indicated associations between the GSAQ components and PCL total and PTSD cluster scores. Findings showed that the presence of sleep disorder symptoms influenced PSS treatment response in post-deployment military service members. Conclusions Results from this secondary outcome analysis showed associations between GSAQ components (i.e., excessive daytime sleepiness, working conditions causing inadequate sleep, involuntary movements in sleep, and sadness or anxiousness) and PCL total and PTSD cluster scores (i.e., avoidance, negative cognition and mood, avoidance, and hyperarousal). Furthermore, sleep disorder symptoms such as having stressful working conditions (e.g., shift work), probable obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, anxiety, and depression influenced PSS treatment responses. This study provided information on the major contribution of sleep disorder symptoms in the treatment of PSS through self-report. Future researchers should consider the use of physiologic measures to further understand the mechanisms of how sleep disorder symptoms affect treatment responses in service members with PSS. Implications for this study may assist clinicians in determining effective PSS treatments for those with OSA and insomnia.