Associations between size-fractionated particulate air pollution and blood pressure in a panel of type II diabetes mellitus patients

Abstract

Little is known regarding how the size distribution of particulate matter (PM) air pollution influences its effect on blood pressure (BP), especially among patients with diabetes. The objective of this study was to explore the short-term associations between size-fractionated PM and BP among diabetes patients. We scheduled 6 repeated BP examinations every 2weeks from 13 April 2013 to 30 June 2013 in a panel of 35 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients recruited from an urban community in Shanghai, China. We measured real-time PM concentrations in the size range of 0.25 to 10μm. We used linear mixed-effect models to examine the short-term association of size-fractionated PM and BP after controlling for individual characteristics, mean temperature, relative humidity, day of the week, years with diabetes and use of antihypertensive medication. The association with systolic BP and pulse pressure strengthened with decreasing diameter. The size fractions with the strongest associations were 0.25 to 0.40μm for number concentrations and ≤2.5μm for mass concentrations. Furthermore, these effects occurred immediately even after 0–2h and lasted for up to 48h following exposure. An interquartile range increase in 24-h average number concentrations of PM0.25–0.40 was associated with increases of 3.61mmHg in systolic BP and 2.96mmHg in pulse pressure. Females, patients younger than 65years of age and patients without antihypertensive treatment were more susceptible to these effects. Our results revealed important size and temporal patterns of PM in elevating BP among diabetes patients in China.