Abstract
BackgroundRecent meta-analyses demonstrate an association between self-reported residential pesticide use and childhood leukemia risk. Self-reports may suffer from recall bias and provide information only on broad pesticide categories. We compared parental self-reported home and garden pest treatments to pesticides measured in carpet dust.MethodsParents of 277 children with leukemia and 306 controls in Northern and Central California (2001–2007) were asked about insect and weed treatments during the previous year. Carpet dust samples were analyzed for 47 pesticides. We present results for the 7 insecticides (carbaryl, propoxur, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, permethrin), 5 herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D], chlorthal, dicamba, mecoprop, simazine), and 1 synergist (piperonyl butoxide) that were present in home and garden products during the study period and were detected in ≥25% of carpet dust samples. We constructed linear regression models for the relative change in pesticide concentrations associated with self-reported treatment of pest types in cases and controls separately and combined, adjusting for demographics, housing characteristics, and nearby agricultural pesticide applications.ResultsSeveral self-reported treatments were associated with pesticide concentrations in dust. For example, households with flea/tick treatments had 2.3 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.4, 3.7) times higher permethrin concentrations than households not reporting this treatment. Households reporting treatment for ants/cockroaches had 2.5 (95% CI: 1.5, 4.2) times higher cypermethrin levels than households not reporting this treatment. Weed treatment by a household member was associated with 1.9 (1.4, 2.6), 2.2 (1.6, 3.1), and 2.8 (2.1, 3.7) times higher dust concentrations of dicamba, mecoprop, and 2,4-D, respectively. Weed treatments by professional applicators were null/inversely associated with herbicide concentrations in dust. Associations were generally similar between cases and controls and were consistent with pesticide active ingredients in these products during the study time period.ConclusionsConsistency between self-reported pest treatments, concentrations in dust, and pesticides in products lends credibility to the exposure assessment methods and suggests that differential recall by case–control status is minimal.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12940-015-0015-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Recent meta-analyses support a link between self-reported residential pesticide exposure and increased risk of childhood leukemia [1,2,3]
We considered adjustment for a broad range of potential confounders of the relationship between self-reported use and pesticide concentrations in dust including the following demographic and household characteristics: child’s age at diagnosis/reference, child’s sex, child’s race/ethnicity, household income, sampling year, sampling season, when the sampled home was built, whether family members typically removed their shoes upon entering the home, mother’s educational level, number of children residing in the home, residence type, whether a pet lived in the home in the first 2 years of the child’s life, dust sampling method
To explore whether self-reported pest treatment during the 12 months prior to birth (“prenatal”), a potentially etiologically relevant time period for childhood leukemia, predicted post-diagnosis/reference concentrations of pesticides in dust, adjusted for treatments in the 12 months prior to sampling, we evaluated the association between prenatal pest treatments and pesticide concentrations by adding terms for the prenatal treatments into the final models for use in the previous 12 months
Summary
Recent meta-analyses support a link between self-reported residential pesticide exposure and increased risk of childhood leukemia [1,2,3]. Self-reports may be subject to inaccurate recall or recall bias and generally do not provide information on specific active ingredients [4,5,6]. Pesticide measurements in carpet dust may serve as a useful, objective indicator of past exposures. The measurements are independent of recall, and the dust can be analyzed for numerous pesticide active ingredients (“pesticides”). Recent meta-analyses demonstrate an association between self-reported residential pesticide use and childhood leukemia risk. Self-reports may suffer from recall bias and provide information only on broad pesticide categories. We compared parental self-reported home and garden pest treatments to pesticides measured in carpet dust
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