Abstract
BackgroundRenal impairment is known to be associated with atherosclerosis, which in turn is reported to be positively associated with hemoglobin levels. In addition, renal impairment is known to be associated with a form of anemia known as renal anemia.MethodsTo clarify the associations between renal impairment and anemia, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,105 60 to 89-year-old men, who were not taking medication for anemia and were undergoing general health check-ups.ResultsCompared with non-chronic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD) with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was found to constitute a significant risk of anemia. However, we noted that this risk was lower for mild renal impairment (60 mL/min/1.73 m2 ≤ GFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2). Compared with the non-CKD reference group, the classical cardiovascular risk factors adjusted odds ratio (OR) for anemia was 1.81 (1.23 to 2.68) and compared with the normal renal function (GFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2) reference group, the ORs for mild renal impairment and CKD were 0.26 (0.15 to 0.47) and 0.60 (0.33 to 1.09).ConclusionsIndependent from classical cardiovascular risk factors, CKD, which was identified during general health check-ups, appeared to constitute a significant risk of anemia for older Japanese men. For mild renal impairment, however, this association was a reduced risk of anemia and thus possibly a higher risk of atherosclerosis.
Highlights
A decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was identified as a marker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that is known to be associated with a form of anemia known as renal anemia.In a previous study of ours, positive associations were detected between hemoglobin levels and increased arterial stiffness assessed with the cardio-ankle index (CAVI) [1]
Since Cardio-ankle index (CAVI) was identified as an independent factor associated with GFR in the general population [2], renal impairment might be positively associated with hemoglobin levels
We found that compared with non-CKD, CKD constituted a significant risk factor for anemia (Table 2)
Summary
A decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was identified as a marker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that is known to be associated with a form of anemia known as renal anemia.In a previous study of ours, positive associations were detected between hemoglobin levels and increased arterial stiffness assessed with the cardio-ankle index (CAVI) [1]. Since CAVI was identified as an independent factor associated with GFR in the general population [2], renal impairment might be positively associated with hemoglobin levels. To investigate this potential association, we conducted a cross-sectional study of older Japanese men who participated in a general health check-up between 2005 and 2012. Renal impairment is known to be associated with atherosclerosis, which in turn is reported to be positively associated with hemoglobin levels. Renal impairment is known to be associated with a form of anemia known as renal anemia
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