Abstract
Purpose: Patellar malalignments would increase patellofemoral joint (PFJ) stress causing pain and structural changes, which are associated with PFJ osteoarthritis. The individual muscle heads of quadriceps have force vectors pulling the patella to the different directions of translation and rotation. The active contraction of the quadriceps muscle has been known to be crucial for normal patellar tracking. In addition to active tension, increased muscle passive stiffness, characterized by altered elasticity, may also affect patellar positions.
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