Abstract
The personality factor of openness to experience, which encompasses curiosity, imagination, and a desire for new experiences, has been associated negatively with prejudice and positively with the closely related value of tolerance. While these relationships have been reviewed at the factor level, there has been no review of research at the lower facet level. This review aims to uncover the relationships between the facets of openness and the constructs of prejudice and tolerance. We conducted a preregistered scoping review with meta-analysis following the recommended guidelines from Joanna Briggs Institute. A total of 2,349 articles were reviewed, with 16 primary research articles (or 17 studies) meeting the criteria for inclusion. Aggregated effect sizes via random-effect meta-analysis revealed that all revised neuroticism-extraversion-openness personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and international personality item pool (IPIP)-based facets of openness significantly predicted prejudice and tolerance. Out of the three measures [i.e., NEO-PI-R, IPIP-NEO, and honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience personality inventory (HEXACO-PI), and the facets of openness examined], the NEO-PI-R facet of value was most strongly associated with prejudice. In contrast, the NEO-PI-R facet of aesthetics was the facet most strongly associated with tolerance. However, these results should be treated as preliminary in light of the small number of meta-analyzed studies and more primary research studies are needed to confirm the trends found in this review. This review represents the first step in the systematic investigation of the link between the facets of openness and components of prejudice and tolerance and contributes toward explaining prejudice and tolerance.
Highlights
Recent high-profile examples of prejudice, discrimination, and violence against ethnic minorities in the United States and elsewhere have reignited a global discourse on the causes of prejudice and possible solutions (Subbaraman, 2020)
This review offers an insight into the possible causes of prejudice by examining how prejudicial attitudes and values associated with tolerance associate with the personality factor of openness and its underlying facets
The objectives of this review were to (a) comprehensively map the extant research on the relationships between facets of openness and prejudice/tolerance, (b) identify which facets have been most consistently linked with prejudice and tolerance, and (c) to further characterize the literature in terms of the specific openness measures used
Summary
Recent high-profile examples of prejudice, discrimination, and violence against ethnic minorities in the United States and elsewhere have reignited a global discourse on the causes of prejudice and possible solutions (Subbaraman, 2020). Prejudice, defined as a negative attitude toward others based on their social group membership (Allport, 1954), is prevalent worldwide (Duckitt, 2019). Prejudice can be expressed explicitly (e.g., “I dislike immigrants”; Legault et al, 2007), implicitly Associations Between Openness Facets latent reaction toward pairing negative words with immigrants; Legault et al, 2007), blatantly (e.g., “immigrants are generally not very intelligent”; Akrami et al, 2000), or subtly (e.g., “It is a matter of not trying hard enough, if immigrants would only try harder, they could be as well off as the locals”; Pettigrew and Meertens, 1995). This review offers an insight into the possible causes of prejudice by examining how prejudicial attitudes and values associated with tolerance associate with the personality factor of openness and its underlying facets
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