Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for many health issues, as are metabolic abnormalities. However, few studies have addressed the associations between obesity/metabolic risk phenotypes and dietary macronutrient intakes (carbohydrate, protein, and fat). Therefore, this study examined the associations between macronutrient intakes and obesity/metabolic risk phenotypes in a Korean population. We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional survey of Korean civilians, conducted in 2014 and 2016, and data on a total of 7374 participants were analyzed. Macronutrient intakes were defined as the proportions of energy derived from carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Those exhibiting obesity/metabolic risk phenotypes (or not) were divided into four groups: normal weight without metabolic abnormalities; obese without metabolic abnormalities; normal weight with metabolic abnormalities; and obese with metabolic abnormalities. After adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, extent of physical activity, household income, and daily fiber intake, no association was found between the proportions of carbohydrate, protein, or fat intakes and obesity/metabolic risk phenotypes except for a positive association between metabolically healthy but obese status and low protein intake in females. Further studies are required to evaluate the effects of macronutrient intakes on obesity/metabolic risk phenotypes and associated health outcomes.
Highlights
Obesity, the accumulation of excess body fat, is an important public health problem associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD); the prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide [1]
National Health and Examination obesity/metabolic riskNutrition phenotypes in Korean Survey adults. (KNHANES), we investigated whether dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat intakes were associated with obesity/metabolic risk phenotypes in
Macronutrient intake proportions did not differ significantly, and exhibited no trend by the obesity/metabolic risk phenotypes, in either males or females, after adjustment for age; smoking status; alcohol consumption; physical activity level; household income; or daily fiber, carbohydrate, protein, or fat intake
Summary
The accumulation of excess body fat, is an important public health problem associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD); the prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide [1]. Not all obese individuals exhibit metabolic abnormalities such as elevated fasting glucose levels, insulin resistance, increased triglyceride (TG) levels, high blood pressure, or low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), all of which compromise health. Not all normal-weight individuals exhibit favorable metabolic profiles. Combinations of obesity with metabolic abnormalities (the obesity/metabolic risk phenotypes) have attracted increasing attention [2,3]. These phenotypes can be divided into four: metabolically healthy and of normal weight (MHNW); metabolically healthy but obese (MHO; a favorable metabolic profile despite excessive body fat); metabolically abnormal but of normal weight (MANW; exhibiting metabolic risk factors despite a normal body mass index (BMI)); and metabolically abnormal and obese (MAO; obese and exhibiting metabolic risk factors).
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