Abstract
BackgroundDiet regulates gene expression profiles by several mechanisms. The objective of this study was to examine gene expression in relation with dietary patterns.MethodsTwo hundred and fifty four participants from the greater Quebec City metropolitan area were recruited. Two hundred and ten participants completed the study protocol. Dietary patterns were derived from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) by factor analysis. For 30 participants (in fasting state), RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and expression levels of 47,231 mRNA transcripts were assessed using the Illumina Human-6 v3 Expression BeadChips®. Microarray data was pre-processed with Flexarray software and analysed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA).ResultsTwo dietary patterns were identified. The Prudent dietary pattern was characterised by high intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grain products and low intakes of refined grain products and the Western dietary pattern, by high intakes of refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meats. When individuals with high scores for the Prudent dietary pattern where compared to individuals with low scores, 2,083 transcripts were differentially expressed in men, 1,136 transcripts in women and 59 transcripts were overlapping in men and women. For the Western dietary pattern, 1,021 transcripts were differentially expressed in men with high versus low scores, 1,163 transcripts in women and 23 transcripts were overlapping in men and women. IPA reveals that genes differentially expressed for both patterns were present in networks related to the immune and/or inflammatory response, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.ConclusionGene expression profiles were different according to dietary patterns, which probably modulate the risk of chronic diseases.Trial RegistrationNCT: NCT01343342
Highlights
Diet regulates gene expression profiles by several mechanisms
The Prudent dietary pattern was positively associated with vegetables, fruits, whole grain products food groups and inversely associated with refined grain products food group
The Western dietary pattern was positively associated with refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meat food groups
Summary
Diet regulates gene expression profiles by several mechanisms. The objective of this study was to examine gene expression in relation with dietary patterns. Gene expression studies have observed associations with diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases [14,15]. Diet is an important regulator of gene expression [14,16]. Dietary patterns may impact gene expression through several mechanisms, for example certain dietary compounds bind to transcription factors and regulate their activity such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) [17]. Studies regarding energy restricted diets and their effects on gene expression levels have observed downregulation of genes involved in glycolytic and lipid synthesis pathways [18,19]. The Mediterranean diet has been associated with a decreased in expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response [21]
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