Abstract
AimsVitamin D measurement is a composite of vitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) and D3 (25(OH)D3) levels, and its deficiency is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and diabetic complications; vitamin D deficiency may be treated with vitamin D2 supplements. This study was undertaken to determine if vitamin D2 and D3 levels differed between those with and without T2DM in this Middle Eastern population, and the relationship between diabetic microvascular complications and vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 levels in subjects with T2DM.MethodsFour hundred ninety-six Qatari subjects, 274 with and 222 without T2DM participated in the study. Plasma levels of total vitamin D2 and D3 were measured by LC-MS/MS analysis.ResultsAll subjects were taking vitamin D2 and none were taking D3 supplements. Vitamin D2 levels were higher in diabetics, particularly in females, and higher levels were associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia in the diabetic subjects (p < 0.001), but were not related to diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy. Vitamin D3 levels measured in the same subjects were lower in diabetics, particularly in females (p < 0.001), were unrelated to dyslipidemia or hypertension, but were associated with retinopathy (p < 0.014). Neither vitamin D2 nor vitamin D3 were associated with neuropathy. For those subjects with hypertension, dyslipidemia, retinopathy or neuropathy, comparison of highest with lowest tertiles for vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 showed no difference.ConclusionsIn this Qatari cohort, vitamin D2 was associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia, whilst vitamin D3 levels were associated with diabetic retinopathy. Vitamin D2 levels were higher, whilst vitamin D3 were lower in diabetics and females, likely due to ingestion of vitamin D2 supplements.
Highlights
Vitamin D measurement is a composite of both vitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) and D3 (25(OH)D3) levels
The relationship of glycemic control for both HbA1c and blood glucose at the time of the visit for T2DM are shown in Table 2, showing that only HbA1c was significantly different in retinopathy (p < 0.001) whilst blood glucose was different in hypertension (p < 0.02)
Vitamin D measurements Vitamin D2 levels were higher in diabetes, in females, and higher levels were associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia in the diabetic subjects (p < 0.001), but were not related to diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy
Summary
Vitamin D measurement is a composite of both vitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) and D3 (25(OH)D3) levels. Vitamin D deficiency has been suggested to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with an inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and the onset of diabetics seen in a Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is endogenously produced in the skin through the effect of UV-B on 7dehydrocholesterol, whilst vitamin D2 is derived from the diet as ergosterol, primarily from mushrooms and. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship of vitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) and vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels between subjects with and without T2DM in this Middle Eastern population, and to determine the microvascular complications in this vitamin D deficient Qatari population with and without T2DM. In the T2DM cohort, vitamin D2 would mirror vitamin D3 levels and both would be associated with the same diabetic complications
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