Abstract
Objective:To investigate the relationship of vitamin D deficiency and risk of AMI in a Pakistani population, and to find out any association between vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) genotypes and risk of AMI in this population.Methods:In a comparative cross-sectional study, 246 patients (age: 20-70 years; 171 males and 75 females) with first AMI were enrolled with informed consent. Similarly, 345 healthy adults (230 males and 115 females) were enrolled as controls. Their fasting serum samples were analyzed for 25 (OH) vitamin D, lipids and other biomarkers using kit methods, while DNA was analyzed for VDBP genotypes using PCR-RFLP based methods. Chi-squared test and logistic regression were used for association of vitamin D deficiency and VDBP genotypes with AMI.Results:Mean serum concentration of 25(OH) vitamin D was significantly lower in AMI patients compared to healthy subjects (p=0.015) and percent vitamin D deficiency was higher in AMI patients compared to healthy subjects (p=0.003). VDBP IF-IF genotype was positively associated with the risk of AMI in subject above 45 years after adjusting for potential confounders [OR = 9.86; 95% CI=1.16 to 83.43].Conclusion:Vitamin D deficiency and VDBP IF-IF genotype are associated with AMI in Pakistani adults.
Highlights
Our study showed that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in this Pakistani population with 75.7% of all study participants classified as vitamin D deficient
This figure is consistent with previous estimates of the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this region.[6,7]
An association was found between the vitamin D deficiency and development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI); vitamin D deficiency was more common in AMI patients compared to healthy controls
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly prevalent in South Asia, and is one of the leading causes of mortality. South Asians tend to develop myocardial infarction (MI) at a younger age compared to other countries, and the mortality rates due to MI are expected to continue rising in the future.[1] Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be an independent risk factor for CVD, with the risk varying inversely with the serum levels of vitamin D.2-4 This association varies with race and may not be generalizable to all ethnic groups.[5] Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in Pakistan, with around 85% of the population having insufficient or deficient serum vitamin D levels.[6,7] except for one small study, there has been hardly any report on association of vitamin. To identify whether an association exists between serum levels of vitamin D and the risk of developing AMI in a Pakistani population, and secondly, whether there is an association between VDBP genotypes and risk of developing AMI in a hospital based Pakistani population
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