Abstract
BackgroundFew studies have investigated the effects of Okinawan vegetable consumption on the risk of incident stroke and coronary heart disease. This study aimed to examine associations of vegetable, fruit, and Okinawan vegetable consumption with risk of incident stroke and coronary heart disease in the Japanese population of Okinawa.MethodsThe study design was a prospective cohort study. During 1995–1998, a validated food frequency questionnaire was administered in two study areas to 16,498 participants aged 45–74 years. In 217,467 person-years of follow-up until the end of 2012, a total of 839 stroke cases and 197 coronary heart disease cases were identified.ResultsNo statistically significant association between total Okinawan vegetable consumption and risk of stroke and coronary heart disease was obtained: the multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for the highest versus lowest tertile of consumption were 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 0.93–1.29; P for trend = 0.289) in model 2. Total vegetable and fruit and specific Okinawan vegetable consumption were also not statistically significantly associated with risk of cardiovascular outcomes.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that consumption of total vegetable and fruit, total Okinawan vegetables, and specific Okinawan vegetables in Japanese residents of Okinawa was not associated with risk of incident stroke and coronary heart disease.
Highlights
A third of all deaths worldwide result from cardiovascular disease (CVD).1 Large declines in mortality caused by CVD in developed countries, including Japan, have started to level off over the past 25 years.1 These declines have been linked to changes in sociodemographic factors, especially in regions with high sociodemographic status, and eating habits may be one of the factors related to such declines
Total Okinawan vegetable consumption by the participants ranged from a median of 17.9 to 94.3 g=day
Higher Okinawan vegetable consumption was significantly associated with higher age, metabolic equivalent taskhours per day (METs), and intakes of energy, fish, meat, fibre, sodium, calcium, total vegetables and fruits, total vegetables, and total fruits (P < 0.05)
Summary
A third of all deaths worldwide result from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Large declines in mortality caused by CVD (especially heart disease) in developed countries, including Japan, have started to level off over the past 25 years. These declines have been linked to changes in sociodemographic factors, especially in regions with high sociodemographic status, and eating habits may be one of the factors related to such declines. Large declines in mortality caused by CVD (especially heart disease) in developed countries, including Japan, have started to level off over the past 25 years.. Large declines in mortality caused by CVD (especially heart disease) in developed countries, including Japan, have started to level off over the past 25 years.1 These declines have been linked to changes in sociodemographic factors, especially in regions with high sociodemographic status, and eating habits may be one of the factors related to such declines. Few studies have investigated the effects of Okinawan vegetable consumption on the risk of incident stroke and coronary heart disease. This study aimed to examine associations of vegetable, fruit, and Okinawan vegetable consumption with risk of incident stroke and coronary heart disease in the Japanese population of Okinawa
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